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ITS 

ORIGIN 

ANTIQUITY 

USES 

AND 

ADVANTAGES 

Tbm Btos, 

BROADWAY. I 





HERALDRY: 



ORIGIN, ANTIQUITY, USES, 



ADVANTAGES, 



BY HENRY HAYS, 

HEKALDIC PAINTEK AND ENGKAVEK, 
327 BEOADWAY, NEW TOEK. 



s* ° 



; 1876. ; 

°>WaSH^ G > 



NEW YORK: 
EDWARD O. JENKINS, PRINTER 

No. 26 Frankfort Street. 
1856. 






. 



INTRODUCTION, 



In submitting the following prefatory remarks to 
the favorable considerations of an enlightened public, 
the author of the accompanying Treatise feels himself 
prompted by a natural desire to enter upon a subject 
which for many years has occupied much of his atten- 
tion, and engrossed a large portion of his time. 

In this little production he does not claim any merit 
as regards originality ; the characteristic landmarks 
and illustrations of Heraldry being so established and 
defined, as to render any supposed improvements not 
only uncalled for, but likely to prove injurious to its 
most important uses and objects. His aim is to 
briefly present some of the leading features of an Art 
which, though somewhat obscured by time, and but 
partially cultivated in this favored country, has in all 
ages been honored and patronized by Kings, Heroes, 
Patriots, and Sages ; and whose illustrious emblems still 
adorn the arms and consecrate the virtues of the good 
and great of the most enlightened nations. There is a 
very large and most respectable class of our citizens who 
have not the necessary facilities for acquiring that infor- 
mation necessary to understand and properly appreciate 
the art of " Armorial Blazonry " or Heraldry. To 
such the author hopes this little " effort " will not be 
unacceptable. To the scientific he cannot offer any- 
thing new ; and yet, possibly, from even such a limited 



reference, memory may be enabled to rescue from 
time some facts calculated to establish the worth and 
value of this time-honored institution. 

To those distinguished families whose wealth and 
public spirit have so largely contributed to the en- 
couragement of the "Fine Arts" in this country, the 
author trusts this little work may prove acceptable. 
Amidst the successful labors of Agriculture and Com- 
merce, it is gratifying to find that the achievements of 
art, and the exhibitions of genius, are everywhere to 
be found in our community. Even over pecuniary 
embarrassments the love of the beautiful predominates, 
and often furnishes that tribute to art and enterprise 
so cheerfully presented by liberal and cultivated 
minds. 

The present age is preeminently distinguished for 
its improvements in every department of art and 
science. The most common articles of manufacture, 
that formerly looked only to convenience, have given 
place to a beauty and finish hitherto unknown ; and a 
material and astonishing change has of late years taken 
place in the means adopted for the diffusion of a taste 
for the refined and cultivated productions of genius. 
In these eventful days, so pregnant with foreign dis- 
sensions and political changes, our own favored Amer- 
ica is not only regarded as an asylum for the oppressed, 
but, it would seem, is likely to become the great patron 
of those noble arts which have adorned and enriched 
the older nations of the world. Indeed it would not 
be a matter of surprise to find that' the Apollo, the 
Venus, and the Laocoon had forsaken their cherished 
location, and, like Columbus, sought to discover a new 



world — the only surviving representatives of that 
genius upon which they had conferred immortality. 

It is a fact which cannot have escaped observation, 
that the taste of the present day seems to have become 
satiated with the over-wrought adornments and un- 
sightly embellishments of that modern frippery which 
has so greatly obscured the simplicity and dignity of 
true art. We are, however, happily returning to the 
.majesty and grandeur of ancient models, now imi- 
tated in the various orders of architecture, costume, form 
and design ; and the adoption of these acknowledged 
standards constitutes no ordinary tribute to the higher 
endowments of intellectual discrimination. In this in- 
troduction of the elaborate specimens of what are de- 
nominated the style of the "Middle Ages," as applicable 
to the works of art, the author with much pleasure 
would here refer to the revival of those ancient illus- 
trations connected with the designs and objects of 
"Heraldry" or the "Art of Armory and Blazoning." 
It is to this honorable, ennobled, and truly decorative 
Art, he would most respectfully invite the attention of 
the enlightened and the liberal, constituting, as it does, 
the acknowledged emblems of an honored ancestry — 
the imperishable record of heroic and valiant deeds, 
and the just title to that inheritance which neither 
tyranny nor the decisions of law can ever obliterate. 

Connected with " Armorial Bearings" and " Family 
Arms," the author has here adverted to the " Order of 
Hatchment" or "Funeral Achievement," as a neces- 
sary accompaniment of Heraldry. 

The propriety as well as the becoming solemnity of 
exhibiting in the visitations of death, these imposing 



and affecting memorials of grief, cannot for a moment 
be questioned. They are calculated not only to im- 
press the living with deep and lasting impressions of 
man's mortality, but powerfully awaken the sad yet 
pleasing reminiscences of those honors and virtues 
which consecrate the memory of departed worth. 

The design of this little work is briefly explained in 
the title-page ; and the author is not without the hope 
that the subject embraced in the following pages will 
merit the respectful attention and receive the favorable 
considerations of an enlightened and liberal public. 



HEEALDEY 



The ablest writers and most ancient historians have 
denned the art, or more properly science, of Heraldry, 
to be "The art of Armory and Blazoning;" or the 
knowledge of what relates to the bearing of arms, . and 
the laws and regulations thereof. It may be said in 
modern terms to comprehend the knowledge of every- 
thing which relates to the several military marks or 
badges of any honor or dignity. 

Its origin, so far as relates to any organized frater- 
nity, may be traced to those ancient military orders, 
established by princes, the members of which were 
distinguished by distinctive badges, and consisted of 
persons who had done particular service to the sover- 
eign, or who enjoyed, by the privileges of birth, the 
highest distinctions in the State. 

These orders originated from the institutions of 
" Chivalry" and the ecclesiastical corporations of that 
age, and were in the beginning fraternities of men 
who, in addition to particular duties enjoined by the 
law of honor, united for the performance of patriotic 
and Christian purposes. " Free birth, and an irre- 
proachable life, were the conditions of admission." As 
learning and the refinements of society increased, the 
original object of these "Orders" was changed, and 
they acquired by degrees their present character ; viz., 
that of " Heralds." 



These messengers, among the ancient Greeks and 
Romans, were held in great estimation, and looked upon 
as sacred. The Heralds of Greece carried in their 
hands a rod of laurel, around which two serpents, with- 
out crests, were twisted as emblems of peace. 

The origin of Heraldry is extremely ancient, and 
the advocates of its antiquity have given us many fab- 
ulous accounts of its early history, which it is not 
necessary here to relate. 

The word " Herald," according to Du Cange, comes 
from the Saxon words here, an army, and aid, a servant, 
because chiefly serving in the army. 

Heraldry has been traced to the antediluvian world, 
and even to the posterity of Seth, who are said to have 
been thus distinguished from the children of Cain. 
Eabbinical writers allege that the Divine command 
to the children of Israel, " To pitch their tents 
every one by his own 'Standard,' with the ensigns of 
their father's house," is undeniable proof of the exist- 
ence and use of armories among the Egyptians, at the 
time of the departure of the Israelites ; and they even 
pretend that their antiquity is ascertained by the 49th 
chap, of Genesis, where notice is taken of the patriarch 
Jacob blessing his children, and also by the breast- 
plate of the high priest, with the twelve precious stones 
of different colors. 

The introduction of armorial bearings in place of 
the images and statues of the Romans, is to be ascribed 
to the northern tribes who overran Europe on the de- 
cline and fall of the empire. On the establishment of 
the feudal system, the tenants of the king, or the great 
lords, represented on their shields the services they 



owed to their superiors, by way of an acknowledgment 
of their fidelity ; whence originated those symbols yet 
known in the ensigns of heraldry, such as roses, cinque- 
foils, spur-roweis, bows and arrows, hunting-horns, 
ships, &c, &c. In the days of religious enthusiasm, 
the youthful chivalry of almost all Europe was enlisted, 
and the sons of distinguished families left their homes, 
about the end of the eleventh century, to conquer the 
Holy Land. This, probably, gave rise, or at least ren- 
dered it more common, to introduce the figure of 
the cross, which is borne in a diversity of forms. In 
like manner the introduction of tournaments may have 
given rise to the fesse, pale, bend, and other ordinaries 
which represented the fillets worn by the combatants, 
and those who attended. 

As to the era of the appointment of heralds, it was 
supposed that the office was contemporary with the 
distribution of subjects into nobles and commoners ; 
while some have referred their origin to that period in 
which princes first engaged in wars, which must have 
been very remote. Some writers have affirmed, that 
the institution of the office of heralds belongs to Alex- 
ander the Great, who not only regulated the use of 
armories, but bestowed appropriate arms, symbols, &c, 
&c, on his principal companions in arms, as distin- 
guished trophies of their valor, and special marks of 
his favor and friendship. 

As to the country in which heraldry originated, 
there is hardly a nation throughout the earth to which 
its first invention has not been attributed. iEneas Syl- 
vius, in an epistle written in the year 1451, refers to a 
manuscript about heralds which he had seen in St. 



Paul's Church, London, compiled (as he asserts) about 
six hundred years before that period. The institution 
of justs, tilts, and tournaments, took place in Germany, 
and opened a new field for the employment of heralds. 
There were held those martial sports in which gal- 
lantry and adroitness displayed their most graceful 
attractions, and won the rich favors of wealth and 
beauty. The first public tournament mentioned was 
held in the year 938, in the city of Magdeburg, at which 
great numbers of the nobles from every part of Europe 
were present. 

" Impartial taste," says Gibbon, "must prefer a Gothic 
tournament to the Olympic games of classic antiquity. 
Instead of the naked spectacles, which corrupted the 
manners of the Greeks, the pompous decorations of the 
lists was crowned with the presence of chaste and high- 
born beauty, from whose hands the conqueror received 
the prize of his dexterity and courage." 

Sir Henry Spelham contends that England had its 
heralds at the commencement of the reign of Edward 
the First, and that they were then actually divided into 
classes. The oldest public monuments in which any 
mention is made of English heralds, are a pell-roll of 
the twelfth of King Edward the Third. They were first 
incorporated by Henry the Fifth, in 1419, and were 
formed into a College by Eichard III. The three 
chief heralds are called kings-at-arms, the principal of 
which is Garter ; the next is called Clarencieux, and 
the third Norroy ; these two last are called provincial 
heralds. Besides these there are six other inferior 
heralds, viz., York, Lancaster, Somerset, Kichmond, 
Chester, and Windsor ; to which on the accession of 



Greorge I. to the crown, a new herald was added, styled 
Hanover herald ; and another styled Gloucester king- 
at-arms. The primary duties of ancient heralds consisted 
in carrying and delivering all messages of importance 
to allies, enemies, and rebels, giving solemn defiance and 
denunciations of war — summoning cities and castles to 
surrender — propositions of peace — offering mercy and 
pardon to rebellious subjects. By such prerogatives 
they readily acquired importance, and obtained easy 
access to the sovereign from their first introduction 
into England. English kings anciently not only cre- 
ated heralds with their own hands, and with magnifi- 
cent and expressive rights, but invested them with the 
royal military habit, or sur-coats of the sovereign's 
arms. Hence the term "Coats of Arms/' known as 
the common expression to the "Family Symbols" of 
heraldry. The persons thus habited were held as sacred 
and inviolable. 

The present duties of English heralds are the arrang- 
ing and conducting royal processions, assisting at the 
creations of nobility, and the ceremonies of knight- 
hood ; publishing the declarations of war, not to the 
enemy, but at home ; proclaiming peace ; recording and 
blazoning armorial bearings; and regulating abuses 
in arms, under the authority of the earl-marshal, by 
whom they are created. When family arms were in- 
troduced, and became the external criterion which dis- 
tinguished the gentleman from the peasant, it was 
necessary, in any feat of arms, that persons should prove 
themselves to be gentlemen of coat-armor ; on this ac- 
count the nobility took care to have their arms em- 
broidered on their common sur-coats. 



Wars and contests between nations soon induced the 
necessity and utility of elevating in armies some con- 
spicuous figure or sign, to which the people of each party 
might resort or fly in cases of great emergency. The 
repetition of this practice established the use of ensigns, 
banners, and standards ; and the superstition of man- 
kind in the early ages induced them to adopt the images 
and symbols of their deities, together with the figures 
of such animals as were among them deemed sacred. 
In process of civilization, and the progress of free and 
enlightened governments, each nation assumed its own 
peculiar standard or banner, as the proud emblem of 
its rights, its honors, and its chivalry. 

So much for the "Union- Jack of Old England, the 
Fleur-de-Lis of ancient France, and our own illustri- 
ous ' Star-spangled-Banner' — the true heraldry of free- 
men," and the honored "Armorial Bearing" of a great 
and prosperous people. 

The uses of heraldry yet remain to be considered; 
and it will be seen, that independent of those external 
advantages which render it a permanent record of na- 
tional and individual honors and elevations, it has 
been regarded as a great conservative principle in 
maintaining the just rights, as well as the moral rela- 
tions of civilized society. 

In the first place it may be, and formerly was, 
considered a constituted " Genealogical Table," from 
which authentic pedigrees were regularly deduced. 

In the administration of law, and the decisions of jus- 
tice, the lost or broken link in the chain of descent from 
a series of ancestors is often in vain sought for in the 
family Bible, the parish register, or the city and county 



court. The College of Heraldry has been known to 
supply these defects from its well-authenticated and un- 
mistakable records. From the memorials of past trans- 
actions and events there recorded, chronologists and 
historians have derived great assistance, and these uner- 
ring landmarks and emblems have, in various in- 
stances, operated to the detection of forgeries and impo- 
sitions. The Jews were anxious to preserve their 
genealogies entire and uninterrupted, and in the cer- 
tainty of an unbroken lineage, and in personal identity, 
their history affords an argument of considerable import- 
ance with respect to the accomplishment of those pro- 
phecies which pertain to the Messiah. Accordingly, in 
their sacred writings we find genealogies carried on for 
above 3,506 years. The testimony of " Heraldic Ar- 
mory" has established the lawfulness of marriages, 
which time and the lapse of years had rendered doubt- 
ful ; proved and maintained affinity and consanguinity ; 
vindicated and corroborated the titles of lands to their 
proprietors, and furnished effectual evidence for settling 
claims and rights of doubtful inheritance. 

The custom of adopting and preserving "Family 
Coats of Arms" as a necessary appendage or ornament 
of the Castle, the Manor-house, and the private Man- 
sion, arose from the pride of military renown. 

The brave who fought under the Ducal banners of 
William I., took every possible means to have their 
names well known and remembered by future ages ; 
not only because they and their descendants, on that 
account, would be enabled to plead for favors from the 
reigning family, and secure to themselves and their 
heirs the estates they had gained ; but from the pride 



inherent in human nature, as founders of families in a 
country they had won by their prowess. For these 
reasons the names of every person of any consideration 
were inscribed upon a roll, and hung up in the ''Abbey 
of battle," as the persons there registered were the 
patriarchs or founders of most of the English gentry 
for many ages, and up to the present day. 

The descendants of these honored families, as well 
as those of other nations, still survive in various por- 
tions of this great and honored country; and though 
not the legal heirs of titles and ancestral rank, yet 
are the lawful and honored sovereigns of an immense 
and almost boundless empire. 

It cannot be supposed that the great founders of our 
Republic were indifferent to the principles inculcated, 
and the sentiment inspired by the true uses of heraldry, 
as the just emblem of patriotism, public virtue, and pub- 
lic honors ! Many of them possessed these honored 
charts of family distinction, and their descendants still 
cherish them as the Lares, or household divinities of 
ancestral honors and hereditary virtues. Each State of 
this mighty Union has its distinctive "Armorial Bear- 
ing," and its appropriate device and motto ; while over 
the national iEgis, the Bird of Liberty proudly unfolds 
that terrible truth, so fatal to tyranny — " E Pluribus 
Unum" 

The author of this little sketch of a science so ancient 
and honorable ; so pregnant with the pleasurable recol- 
lections of former generations and their buried great- 
ness ; and so intimately associated with the triumphs 
of intellect, the refinements of art, and the display of 
moral greatness, has not been without encouragement 



in his professional labors as an artist, in bringing into 
general use this somewhat neglected branch of the 
fine arts. 

Many of the wealthy and distinguished families of 
New York, and those of other States, have visited 
and honored him with commissions for their family 
Coat of Arms. 

Before concluding this Essay it may be proper to 
notice that branch of "Heraldry" known as "Hatch- 
ment," or " Armorial Escutcheon;" usually placed over 
the door, or in the hall or passage-way of a person of 
distinction, deceased, and which points out the sex, 
conjugal connexion, and dignity of the person. 

An anxious and religious desire of giving some pub- 
lic testimony of respect and esteem for deceased friends 
and relations, appears to have been strongly implanted 
in mankind from the earliest ages, of which history 
furnishes many accounts. 

The Egyptians embalmed the bodies of their kings 
and heroes, and even Christians of a more modern 
date adopted the same custom with the remains of 
their saints and martyrs. Euneral rites among many 
nations have in all ages been characterized by unusual 
manifestations of pomp and sepulchral magnificence. 
In their processions were carried the arms and stand- 
ards of those warriors who had fallen in battle, and 
the badges of professional distinction of those who had 
in civil capacities served and honored the State. These 
badges, standards, banners, &c, were, after the solem- 
nity of sepulture, carried by the friends of the deceased 
and affixed against the pillars or walls of the church. 
Of later date it was reduced to a system and painted 



in Escutcheons, and placed in some appropriate place 
in the mansions of deceased persons previous to inter- 
ment. The custom still prevails in the present day 
among the families of wealth and distinction in many 
parts of England, and in Eoman Catholic countries. 
Even in the United States, in the city of New Or- 
leans, it is believed the practice still prevails of placing 
before the dwellings of persons recently deceased, spe- 
cimens of " Funeral Escutcheons," those shaded and 
mournful memorials which affectingly recall the worth 
and virtues so faithfully cherished by a profound and 
sincere sorrow. 

In conclusion, the writer would here observe, that 
in this feeble attempt to refer to the antiquity of 
Heraldry, and inculcate a proper appreciation of its 
true uses, he has carefully avoided any matter irrele- 
vant to the subject. He again desires to say, that the 
prominent facts herein stated, have been drawn from 
the most authentic historical sources, clothed in his 
own language, and accompanied by original remarks 
and observations not inapplicable, he trusts, to the 
present design. 

HENRY HAYS, 
Heraldic Painter and Engraver, 

327 Broadway, K Y. 

College of Aems. 






Batcrielor. JjJQHAXlDRY Married MaiL 

has been known to further 
the ends of justice. 
"I know three famiiiesTsays 
Carter Bigland. "who have 
acquired estates fay virtue of 
preserving the arms &eseut^ 
eheons of their ancestors] I re- 
peat therefore, without the fear 
of eontradietioh.that Heraldry ^^ do ^ 
is a useftit seienee , 




Maid . 




Ihe sculptured ' sfrwr ortlee emb'lazoned 
shield often speaks when tke written records 
of History car 'silent. 




HENRY HAYS, 

HERALDIC ARTIST 




Heires 



S2^Bjoadwm\ JVJ. 



Quarterly. 



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